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Beams—Shear

Structural Design · FE Reference Handbook section

Structural Design
6 formulas
10 exam-style examples
~57 min
All Structural Design lectures

Core formulas for this FE topic

Definitions, applicability, units, assumptions and worked examples for each relation.

Worked exam-style examples

The four ways this section is written on the real exam — thoughts first, then equations, then substitution.

Example 1
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength — Beams—Shear

a W-shape beam web at a bolted end connection Given yield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 11.4000 in^2; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7200, determine the nominal shear strength (V_n) in kips.

Given

  • yieldstress(Fy)=45.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=11.4000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 11.4000 in^2
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.7200web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7200

Find

nominal shear strength (V_n), in kips

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except V_n is given, so isolate V_n symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 1 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength — Beams—Shear

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for V_n:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: yield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 11.4000 in^2, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7200.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Vn=221.6 kipsV_{n} = 221.6\ \text{kips}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning V_n = 221.6 kips to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Vn=221.6 kipsV_{n} = 221.6\ \text{kips}

Why the other options are there

  • 443.2 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 110.8 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 243.8 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 2
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web area (d t_w) — Beams—Shear (2)

a plate-girder web panel between stiffeners Given nominal shear strength (V_n) = 494.2 kips; yield stress (F_y) = 37.0000 ksi; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7100, determine the web area (d t_w) (A_w) in in^2.

Given

  • nominalshearstrength(Vn)=494.2kipsnominal shear strength (V_n) = 494.2 kips
  • yieldstress(Fy)=37.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 37.0000 ksi
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.7100web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7100

Find

web area (d t_w) (A_w), in in^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except A_w is given, so isolate A_w symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 2 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web area (d t_w) — Beams—Shear (2)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for A_w:

    Aw=Vn0.6FyCvA_{w} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y C_v}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: nominal shear strength (V_n) = 494.2 kips, yield stress (F_y) = 37.0000 ksi, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7100.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Aw=Vn0.6FyCvA_{w} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y C_v}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    A_{w} = 31.3539\ \text{in^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning A_w = 31.3539 in^2 to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
A_{w} = 31.3539\ \text{in^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 62.7078 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 15.6769 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 34.4893 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 3
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web shear coefficient — Beams—Shear (3)

a coped beam web at a shear tab Given nominal shear strength (V_n) = 797.9 kips; yield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 3.1000 in^2, determine the web shear coefficient (C_v).

Given

  • nominalshearstrength(Vn)=797.9kipsnominal shear strength (V_n) = 797.9 kips
  • yieldstress(Fy)=45.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=3.1000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 3.1000 in^2

Find

web shear coefficient (C_v)

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except C_v is given, so isolate C_v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 3 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web shear coefficient — Beams—Shear (3)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for C_v:

    Cv=Vn0.6FyAwC_{v} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y A_w}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: nominal shear strength (V_n) = 797.9 kips, yield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 3.1000 in^2.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Cv=Vn0.6FyAwC_{v} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y A_w}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Cv=9.5329C_{v} = 9.5329
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning C_v = 9.5329 to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Cv=9.5329C_{v} = 9.5329

Why the other options are there

  • 19.0657 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 4.7664 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 10.4861 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 4
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength (case 2) — Beams—Shear (4)

a W-shape beam web at a bolted end connection Given yield stress (F_y) = 44.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 6.2000 in^2; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8600, determine the nominal shear strength (V_n) in kips.

Given

  • yieldstress(Fy)=44.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 44.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=6.2000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 6.2000 in^2
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.8600web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8600

Find

nominal shear strength (V_n), in kips

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except V_n is given, so isolate V_n symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 4 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength (case 2) — Beams—Shear (4)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for V_n:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: yield stress (F_y) = 44.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 6.2000 in^2, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8600.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Vn=140.8 kipsV_{n} = 140.8\ \text{kips}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning V_n = 140.8 kips to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Vn=140.8 kipsV_{n} = 140.8\ \text{kips}

Why the other options are there

  • 281.5 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 70.3824 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 154.8 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 5
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web area (d t_w) (case 2) — Beams—Shear (5)

a plate-girder web panel between stiffeners Given nominal shear strength (V_n) = 276.1 kips; yield stress (F_y) = 43.0000 ksi; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7100, determine the web area (d t_w) (A_w) in in^2.

Given

  • nominalshearstrength(Vn)=276.1kipsnominal shear strength (V_n) = 276.1 kips
  • yieldstress(Fy)=43.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 43.0000 ksi
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.7100web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7100

Find

web area (d t_w) (A_w), in in^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except A_w is given, so isolate A_w symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 5 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web area (d t_w) (case 2) — Beams—Shear (5)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for A_w:

    Aw=Vn0.6FyCvA_{w} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y C_v}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: nominal shear strength (V_n) = 276.1 kips, yield stress (F_y) = 43.0000 ksi, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7100.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Aw=Vn0.6FyCvA_{w} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y C_v}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    A_{w} = 15.0726\ \text{in^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning A_w = 15.0726 in^2 to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
A_{w} = 15.0726\ \text{in^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 30.1452 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 7.5363 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 16.5799 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 6
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web shear coefficient (case 2) — Beams—Shear (6)

a coped beam web at a shear tab Given nominal shear strength (V_n) = 647.4 kips; yield stress (F_y) = 38.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 17.9000 in^2, determine the web shear coefficient (C_v).

Given

  • nominalshearstrength(Vn)=647.4kipsnominal shear strength (V_n) = 647.4 kips
  • yieldstress(Fy)=38.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 38.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=17.9000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 17.9000 in^2

Find

web shear coefficient (C_v)

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except C_v is given, so isolate C_v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 6 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web shear coefficient (case 2) — Beams—Shear (6)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for C_v:

    Cv=Vn0.6FyAwC_{v} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y A_w}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: nominal shear strength (V_n) = 647.4 kips, yield stress (F_y) = 38.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 17.9000 in^2.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Cv=Vn0.6FyAwC_{v} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y A_w}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Cv=1.5863C_{v} = 1.5863
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning C_v = 1.5863 to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Cv=1.5863C_{v} = 1.5863

Why the other options are there

  • 3.1726 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 0.7931 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 1.7449 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 7
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength (case 3) — Beams—Shear (7)

a W-shape beam web at a bolted end connection Given yield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 2.2000 in^2; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7800, determine the nominal shear strength (V_n) in kips.

Given

  • yieldstress(Fy)=45.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=2.2000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 2.2000 in^2
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.7800web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7800

Find

nominal shear strength (V_n), in kips

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except V_n is given, so isolate V_n symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 7 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength (case 3) — Beams—Shear (7)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for V_n:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: yield stress (F_y) = 45.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 2.2000 in^2, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.7800.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Vn=46.3320 kipsV_{n} = 46.3320\ \text{kips}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning V_n = 46.3320 kips to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Vn=46.3320 kipsV_{n} = 46.3320\ \text{kips}

Why the other options are there

  • 92.6640 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 23.1660 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 50.9652 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 8
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web area (d t_w) (case 3) — Beams—Shear (8)

a plate-girder web panel between stiffeners Given nominal shear strength (V_n) = 589.6 kips; yield stress (F_y) = 46.0000 ksi; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8900, determine the web area (d t_w) (A_w) in in^2.

Given

  • nominalshearstrength(Vn)=589.6kipsnominal shear strength (V_n) = 589.6 kips
  • yieldstress(Fy)=46.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 46.0000 ksi
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.8900web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8900

Find

web area (d t_w) (A_w), in in^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except A_w is given, so isolate A_w symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 8 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web area (d t_w) (case 3) — Beams—Shear (8)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for A_w:

    Aw=Vn0.6FyCvA_{w} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y C_v}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: nominal shear strength (V_n) = 589.6 kips, yield stress (F_y) = 46.0000 ksi, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8900.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Aw=Vn0.6FyCvA_{w} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y C_v}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    A_{w} = 24.0026\ \text{in^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning A_w = 24.0026 in^2 to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
A_{w} = 24.0026\ \text{in^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 48.0052 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 12.0013 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 26.4029 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 9
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web shear coefficient (case 3) — Beams—Shear (9)

a coped beam web at a shear tab Given nominal shear strength (V_n) = 110.6 kips; yield stress (F_y) = 44.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 5.8000 in^2, determine the web shear coefficient (C_v).

Given

  • nominalshearstrength(Vn)=110.6kipsnominal shear strength (V_n) = 110.6 kips
  • yieldstress(Fy)=44.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 44.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=5.8000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 5.8000 in^2

Find

web shear coefficient (C_v)

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except C_v is given, so isolate C_v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 9 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for web shear coefficient (case 3) — Beams—Shear (9)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for C_v:

    Cv=Vn0.6FyAwC_{v} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y A_w}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: nominal shear strength (V_n) = 110.6 kips, yield stress (F_y) = 44.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 5.8000 in^2.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Cv=Vn0.6FyAwC_{v} = \dfrac{V_n}{0.6 F_y A_w}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Cv=0.7223C_{v} = 0.7223
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning C_v = 0.7223 to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Cv=0.7223C_{v} = 0.7223

Why the other options are there

  • 1.4446 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 0.3612 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 0.7945 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

Example 10
Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength (case 4) — Beams—Shear (10)

a W-shape beam web at a bolted end connection Given yield stress (F_y) = 40.0000 ksi; web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 3.0000 in^2; web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8900, determine the nominal shear strength (V_n) in kips.

Given

  • yieldstress(Fy)=40.0000ksiyield stress (F_y) = 40.0000 ksi
  • webarea(dtw)(Aw)=3.0000in2web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 3.0000 in^2
  • webshearcoefficient(Cv)=0.8900web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8900

Find

nominal shear strength (V_n), in kips

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Shear strength of a steel web.
  • Everything except V_n is given, so isolate V_n symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The web of a rolled steel beam is checked for the shear limit state at the support.
bf = 7.5 ind = 18 inW18x50

Figure 10 — schematic for Shear strength of a steel web — solve for nominal shear strength (case 4) — Beams—Shear (10)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for V_n:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: yield stress (F_y) = 40.0000 ksi, web area (d t_w) (A_w) = 3.0000 in^2, web shear coefficient (C_v) = 0.8900.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_{n} = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    Vn=64.0800 kipsV_{n} = 64.0800\ \text{kips}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning V_n = 64.0800 kips to

    Vn=0.6FyAwCvV_n = 0.6 F_y A_w C_v

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
Vn=64.0800 kipsV_{n} = 64.0800\ \text{kips}

Why the other options are there

  • 128.2 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 32.0400 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 70.4880 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: AISC Specification §G2.1 — Shear Strength

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