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Translating Axes x-y

Dynamics · FE Reference Handbook section

Dynamics
4 formulas
10 exam-style examples
~53 min
All Dynamics lectures

Handbook notes for this section

Definitions and conditions exactly as the handbook states them.

  • The equations that relate the absolute and relative position, velocity, and acceleration vectors of two particles A and B, in plane
  • motion, and separated at a constant distance, may be written as

Core formulas for this FE topic

Definitions, applicability, units, assumptions and worked examples for each relation.

Worked exam-style examples

The four ways this section is written on the real exam — thoughts first, then equations, then substitution.

Example 1
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for final velocity — Translating Axes x-y

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 68.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = 21.0000 ft/s²; distance (s) = 462.0 ft, determine the final velocity (v) in ft/s.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=68.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 68.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=21.0000ft/s2acceleration (a) = 21.0000 ft/s^{2}
  • distance(s)=462.0ftdistance (s) = 462.0 ft

Find

final velocity (v), in ft/s

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except v is given, so isolate v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that v stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 68.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = 21.0000 ft/s², distance (s) = 462.0 ft.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    v=155.0 ft/sv = 155.0\ \text{ft/s}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning v = 155.0 ft/s to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
v=155.0 ft/sv = 155.0\ \text{ft/s}

Why the other options are there

  • 310.0 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 77.5048 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 170.5 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 2
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for acceleration — Translating Axes x-y (2)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 88.0000 ft/s; distance (s) = 386.0 ft; final velocity (v) = 80.4000 ft/s, determine the acceleration (a) in ft/s².

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=88.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 88.0000 ft/s
  • distance(s)=386.0ftdistance (s) = 386.0 ft
  • finalvelocity(v)=80.4000ft/sfinal velocity (v) = 80.4000 ft/s

Find

acceleration (a), in ft/s²

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except a is given, so isolate a symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that a stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 88.0000 ft/s, distance (s) = 386.0 ft, final velocity (v) = 80.4000 ft/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    a=−1.6578 ft/s²a = -1.6578\ \text{ft/s²}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning a = -1.6578 ft/s² to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
a=−1.6578 ft/s²a = -1.6578\ \text{ft/s²}

Why the other options are there

  • -3.3156 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • -0.8289 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • -1.8236 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 3
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for distance — Translating Axes x-y (3)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 87.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = -10.5000 ft/s²; final velocity (v) = 24.1000 ft/s, determine the distance (s) in ft.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=87.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 87.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=−10.5000ft/s2acceleration (a) = -10.5000 ft/s^{2}
  • finalvelocity(v)=24.1000ft/sfinal velocity (v) = 24.1000 ft/s

Find

distance (s), in ft

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except s is given, so isolate s symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that s stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 87.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = -10.5000 ft/s², final velocity (v) = 24.1000 ft/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    s=332.8 fts = 332.8\ \text{ft}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning s = 332.8 ft to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
s=332.8 fts = 332.8\ \text{ft}

Why the other options are there

  • 665.5 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 166.4 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 366.0 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 4
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for final velocity (case 2) — Translating Axes x-y (4)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 40.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = 15.5000 ft/s²; distance (s) = 157.0 ft, determine the final velocity (v) in ft/s.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=40.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 40.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=15.5000ft/s2acceleration (a) = 15.5000 ft/s^{2}
  • distance(s)=157.0ftdistance (s) = 157.0 ft

Find

final velocity (v), in ft/s

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except v is given, so isolate v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that v stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 40.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = 15.5000 ft/s², distance (s) = 157.0 ft.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    v=80.4177 ft/sv = 80.4177\ \text{ft/s}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning v = 80.4177 ft/s to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
v=80.4177 ft/sv = 80.4177\ \text{ft/s}

Why the other options are there

  • 160.8 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 40.2088 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 88.4594 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 5
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for acceleration (case 2) — Translating Axes x-y (5)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 14.0000 ft/s; distance (s) = 14.0000 ft; final velocity (v) = 52.0000 ft/s, determine the acceleration (a) in ft/s².

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=14.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 14.0000 ft/s
  • distance(s)=14.0000ftdistance (s) = 14.0000 ft
  • finalvelocity(v)=52.0000ft/sfinal velocity (v) = 52.0000 ft/s

Find

acceleration (a), in ft/s²

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except a is given, so isolate a symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that a stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 14.0000 ft/s, distance (s) = 14.0000 ft, final velocity (v) = 52.0000 ft/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    a=89.5714 ft/s²a = 89.5714\ \text{ft/s²}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning a = 89.5714 ft/s² to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
a=89.5714 ft/s²a = 89.5714\ \text{ft/s²}

Why the other options are there

  • 179.1 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 44.7857 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 98.5286 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 6
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for distance (case 2) — Translating Axes x-y (6)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 39.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = 23.0000 ft/s²; final velocity (v) = 99.7000 ft/s, determine the distance (s) in ft.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=39.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 39.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=23.0000ft/s2acceleration (a) = 23.0000 ft/s^{2}
  • finalvelocity(v)=99.7000ft/sfinal velocity (v) = 99.7000 ft/s

Find

distance (s), in ft

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except s is given, so isolate s symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that s stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 39.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = 23.0000 ft/s², final velocity (v) = 99.7000 ft/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    s=183.0 fts = 183.0\ \text{ft}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning s = 183.0 ft to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
s=183.0 fts = 183.0\ \text{ft}

Why the other options are there

  • 366.0 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 91.5118 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 201.3 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 7
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for final velocity (case 3) — Translating Axes x-y (7)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 34.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = 22.0000 ft/s²; distance (s) = 141.0 ft, determine the final velocity (v) in ft/s.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=34.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 34.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=22.0000ft/s2acceleration (a) = 22.0000 ft/s^{2}
  • distance(s)=141.0ftdistance (s) = 141.0 ft

Find

final velocity (v), in ft/s

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except v is given, so isolate v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that v stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 34.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = 22.0000 ft/s², distance (s) = 141.0 ft.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    v=85.7904 ft/sv = 85.7904\ \text{ft/s}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning v = 85.7904 ft/s to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
v=85.7904 ft/sv = 85.7904\ \text{ft/s}

Why the other options are there

  • 171.6 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 42.8952 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 94.3695 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 8
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for acceleration (case 3) — Translating Axes x-y (8)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 58.0000 ft/s; distance (s) = 474.0 ft; final velocity (v) = 53.4000 ft/s, determine the acceleration (a) in ft/s².

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=58.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 58.0000 ft/s
  • distance(s)=474.0ftdistance (s) = 474.0 ft
  • finalvelocity(v)=53.4000ft/sfinal velocity (v) = 53.4000 ft/s

Find

acceleration (a), in ft/s²

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except a is given, so isolate a symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that a stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 58.0000 ft/s, distance (s) = 474.0 ft, final velocity (v) = 53.4000 ft/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    a=−0.5405 ft/s²a = -0.5405\ \text{ft/s²}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning a = -0.5405 ft/s² to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
a=−0.5405 ft/s²a = -0.5405\ \text{ft/s²}

Why the other options are there

  • -1.0811 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • -0.2703 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • -0.5946 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 9
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for distance (case 3) — Translating Axes x-y (9)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 66.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = -25.5000 ft/s²; final velocity (v) = 42.1000 ft/s, determine the distance (s) in ft.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=66.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 66.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=−25.5000ft/s2acceleration (a) = -25.5000 ft/s^{2}
  • finalvelocity(v)=42.1000ft/sfinal velocity (v) = 42.1000 ft/s

Find

distance (s), in ft

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except s is given, so isolate s symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that s stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 66.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = -25.5000 ft/s², final velocity (v) = 42.1000 ft/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    s=50.6586 fts = 50.6586\ \text{ft}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning s = 50.6586 ft to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
s=50.6586 fts = 50.6586\ \text{ft}

Why the other options are there

  • 101.3 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 25.3293 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 55.7245 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

Example 10
Constant-acceleration kinematics — solve for final velocity (case 4) — Translating Axes x-y (10)

A dynamics problem uses Constant-acceleration kinematics. Given initial velocity (v0) = 75.0000 ft/s; acceleration (a) = -20.5000 ft/s²; distance (s) = 32.0000 ft, determine the final velocity (v) in ft/s.

Given

  • initialvelocity(v0)=75.0000ft/sinitial velocity (v_{0}) = 75.0000 ft/s
  • acceleration(a)=−20.5000ft/s2acceleration (a) = -20.5000 ft/s^{2}
  • distance(s)=32.0000ftdistance (s) = 32.0000 ft

Find

final velocity (v), in ft/s

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Constant-acceleration kinematics.
  • Everything except v is given, so isolate v symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that v stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial velocity (v0) = 75.0000 ft/s, acceleration (a) = -20.5000 ft/s², distance (s) = 32.0000 ft.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    v=65.6734 ft/sv = 65.6734\ \text{ft/s}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning v = 65.6734 ft/s to

    v2=v02+2asv^2 = v_0^2 + 2 a s

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
v=65.6734 ft/sv = 65.6734\ \text{ft/s}

Why the other options are there

  • 131.3 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 32.8367 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 72.2408 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Translating Axes x-y

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