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Mass Radius of Gyration

Dynamics · FE Reference Handbook section

Dynamics
4 formulas
10 exam-style examples
~53 min
All Dynamics lectures

Handbook notes for this section

Definitions and conditions exactly as the handbook states them.

  • The mass radius of gyration is defined as
  • Without loss of generality, the body may be assumed to be in the x-y plane. The scalar equations of motion may then be written as
  • where zc indicates the z axis passing through the body's mass center, axc and ayc are the acceleration of the body's mass center in

Core formulas for this FE topic

Definitions, applicability, units, assumptions and worked examples for each relation.

Worked exam-style examples

The four ways this section is written on the real exam — thoughts first, then equations, then substitution.

Example 1
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia — Mass Radius of Gyration

A flywheel's mass radius of gyration is used to find its mass moment of inertia. Given mass (m) = 18.1000 slug; radius of gyration (k) = 1.4500 ft, determine the mass moment of inertia (I) in slug-ft^2.

Given

  • mass(m)=18.1000slugmass (m) = 18.1000 slug
  • radiusofgyration(k)=1.4500ftradius of gyration (k) = 1.4500 ft

Find

mass moment of inertia (I), in slug-ft^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except I is given, so isolate I symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 1 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia — Mass Radius of Gyration

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for I:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=18.1000slug,radiusofgyration(k)=1.4500ftList the givens: mass (m) = 18.1000 slug, radius of gyration (k) = 1.4500 ft
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    I=18.10001.45002I = 18.1000 1.4500^2
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    I = 38.0553\ \text{slug-ft^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning I = 38.0553 slug-ft^2 to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
I = 38.0553\ \text{slug-ft^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 76.1105 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 19.0276 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 41.8608 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 2
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass — Mass Radius of Gyration (2)

A rotating disk's mass radius of gyration is computed from test data. Given radius of gyration (k) = 1.3500 ft; mass moment of inertia (I) = 85.6000 slug-ft^2, determine the mass (m) in slug.

Given

  • radiusofgyration(k)=1.3500ftradius of gyration (k) = 1.3500 ft
  • massmomentofinertia(I)=85.6000slug−ft2mass moment of inertia (I) = 85.6000 slug-ft^2

Find

mass (m), in slug

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 2 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass — Mass Radius of Gyration (2)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for m:

    m=Ik2m = \dfrac{I}{k^2}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: radius of gyration (k) = 1.3500 ft, mass moment of inertia (I) = 85.6000 slug-ft^2.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    m=85.60001.35002m = \dfrac{85.6000}{1.3500^2}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=46.9684 slugm = 46.9684\ \text{slug}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = 46.9684 slug to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=46.9684 slugm = 46.9684\ \text{slug}

Why the other options are there

  • 93.9369 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 23.4842 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 51.6653 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 3
Mass radius of gyration — solve for radius of gyration — Mass Radius of Gyration (3)

A vehicle wheel's mass radius of gyration is estimated for a dynamics problem. Given mass (m) = 13.7000 slug; mass moment of inertia (I) = 90.9000 slug-ft^2, determine the radius of gyration (k) in ft.

Given

  • mass(m)=13.7000slugmass (m) = 13.7000 slug
  • massmomentofinertia(I)=90.9000slug−ft2mass moment of inertia (I) = 90.9000 slug-ft^2

Find

radius of gyration (k), in ft

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except k is given, so isolate k symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 3 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for radius of gyration — Mass Radius of Gyration (3)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for k:

    k=Imk = \sqrt{\dfrac{I}{m}}
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=13.7000slug,massmomentofinertia(I)=90.9000slug−ft2List the givens: mass (m) = 13.7000 slug, mass moment of inertia (I) = 90.9000 slug-ft^2
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    k=90.900013.7000k = \sqrt{\dfrac{90.9000}{13.7000}}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    k=2.5759 ftk = 2.5759\ \text{ft}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning k = 2.5759 ft to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
k=2.5759 ftk = 2.5759\ \text{ft}

Why the other options are there

  • 5.1517 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 1.2879 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 2.8334 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 4
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia (case 2) — Mass Radius of Gyration (4)

A flywheel's mass radius of gyration is used to find its mass moment of inertia. Given mass (m) = 15.0000 slug; radius of gyration (k) = 1.4500 ft, determine the mass moment of inertia (I) in slug-ft^2.

Given

  • mass(m)=15.0000slugmass (m) = 15.0000 slug
  • radiusofgyration(k)=1.4500ftradius of gyration (k) = 1.4500 ft

Find

mass moment of inertia (I), in slug-ft^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except I is given, so isolate I symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 4 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia (case 2) — Mass Radius of Gyration (4)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for I:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=15.0000slug,radiusofgyration(k)=1.4500ftList the givens: mass (m) = 15.0000 slug, radius of gyration (k) = 1.4500 ft
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    I=15.00001.45002I = 15.0000 1.4500^2
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    I = 31.5375\ \text{slug-ft^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning I = 31.5375 slug-ft^2 to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
I = 31.5375\ \text{slug-ft^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 63.0750 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 15.7688 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 34.6913 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 5
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass (case 2) — Mass Radius of Gyration (5)

A rotating disk's mass radius of gyration is computed from test data. Given radius of gyration (k) = 1.8000 ft; mass moment of inertia (I) = 182.0 slug-ft^2, determine the mass (m) in slug.

Given

  • radiusofgyration(k)=1.8000ftradius of gyration (k) = 1.8000 ft
  • massmomentofinertia(I)=182.0slug−ft2mass moment of inertia (I) = 182.0 slug-ft^2

Find

mass (m), in slug

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 5 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass (case 2) — Mass Radius of Gyration (5)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for m:

    m=Ik2m = \dfrac{I}{k^2}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: radius of gyration (k) = 1.8000 ft, mass moment of inertia (I) = 182.0 slug-ft^2.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    m=182.01.80002m = \dfrac{182.0}{1.8000^2}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=56.1728 slugm = 56.1728\ \text{slug}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = 56.1728 slug to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=56.1728 slugm = 56.1728\ \text{slug}

Why the other options are there

  • 112.3 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 28.0864 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 61.7901 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 6
Mass radius of gyration — solve for radius of gyration (case 2) — Mass Radius of Gyration (6)

A vehicle wheel's mass radius of gyration is estimated for a dynamics problem. Given mass (m) = 27.4000 slug; mass moment of inertia (I) = 126.9 slug-ft^2, determine the radius of gyration (k) in ft.

Given

  • mass(m)=27.4000slugmass (m) = 27.4000 slug
  • massmomentofinertia(I)=126.9slug−ft2mass moment of inertia (I) = 126.9 slug-ft^2

Find

radius of gyration (k), in ft

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except k is given, so isolate k symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 6 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for radius of gyration (case 2) — Mass Radius of Gyration (6)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for k:

    k=Imk = \sqrt{\dfrac{I}{m}}
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=27.4000slug,massmomentofinertia(I)=126.9slug−ft2List the givens: mass (m) = 27.4000 slug, mass moment of inertia (I) = 126.9 slug-ft^2
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    k=126.927.4000k = \sqrt{\dfrac{126.9}{27.4000}}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    k=2.1521 ftk = 2.1521\ \text{ft}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning k = 2.1521 ft to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
k=2.1521 ftk = 2.1521\ \text{ft}

Why the other options are there

  • 4.3041 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 1.0760 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 2.3673 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 7
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia (case 3) — Mass Radius of Gyration (7)

A flywheel's mass radius of gyration is used to find its mass moment of inertia. Given mass (m) = 20.1000 slug; radius of gyration (k) = 1.1500 ft, determine the mass moment of inertia (I) in slug-ft^2.

Given

  • mass(m)=20.1000slugmass (m) = 20.1000 slug
  • radiusofgyration(k)=1.1500ftradius of gyration (k) = 1.1500 ft

Find

mass moment of inertia (I), in slug-ft^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except I is given, so isolate I symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 7 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia (case 3) — Mass Radius of Gyration (7)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for I:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=20.1000slug,radiusofgyration(k)=1.1500ftList the givens: mass (m) = 20.1000 slug, radius of gyration (k) = 1.1500 ft
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    I=20.10001.15002I = 20.1000 1.1500^2
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    I = 26.5823\ \text{slug-ft^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning I = 26.5823 slug-ft^2 to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
I = 26.5823\ \text{slug-ft^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 53.1645 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 13.2911 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 29.2405 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 8
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass (case 3) — Mass Radius of Gyration (8)

A rotating disk's mass radius of gyration is computed from test data. Given radius of gyration (k) = 2.1500 ft; mass moment of inertia (I) = 53.8000 slug-ft^2, determine the mass (m) in slug.

Given

  • radiusofgyration(k)=2.1500ftradius of gyration (k) = 2.1500 ft
  • massmomentofinertia(I)=53.8000slug−ft2mass moment of inertia (I) = 53.8000 slug-ft^2

Find

mass (m), in slug

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 8 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass (case 3) — Mass Radius of Gyration (8)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for m:

    m=Ik2m = \dfrac{I}{k^2}
  3. Step 3 — List the givens: radius of gyration (k) = 2.1500 ft, mass moment of inertia (I) = 53.8000 slug-ft^2.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    m=53.80002.15002m = \dfrac{53.8000}{2.1500^2}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=11.6387 slugm = 11.6387\ \text{slug}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = 11.6387 slug to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=11.6387 slugm = 11.6387\ \text{slug}

Why the other options are there

  • 23.2774 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 5.8194 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 12.8026 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 9
Mass radius of gyration — solve for radius of gyration (case 3) — Mass Radius of Gyration (9)

A vehicle wheel's mass radius of gyration is estimated for a dynamics problem. Given mass (m) = 6.4000 slug; mass moment of inertia (I) = 113.4 slug-ft^2, determine the radius of gyration (k) in ft.

Given

  • mass(m)=6.4000slugmass (m) = 6.4000 slug
  • massmomentofinertia(I)=113.4slug−ft2mass moment of inertia (I) = 113.4 slug-ft^2

Find

radius of gyration (k), in ft

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except k is given, so isolate k symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 9 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for radius of gyration (case 3) — Mass Radius of Gyration (9)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for k:

    k=Imk = \sqrt{\dfrac{I}{m}}
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=6.4000slug,massmomentofinertia(I)=113.4slug−ft2List the givens: mass (m) = 6.4000 slug, mass moment of inertia (I) = 113.4 slug-ft^2
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    k=113.46.4000k = \sqrt{\dfrac{113.4}{6.4000}}
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    k=4.2094 ftk = 4.2094\ \text{ft}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning k = 4.2094 ft to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
k=4.2094 ftk = 4.2094\ \text{ft}

Why the other options are there

  • 8.4187 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 2.1047 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 4.6303 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

Example 10
Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia (case 4) — Mass Radius of Gyration (10)

A flywheel's mass radius of gyration is used to find its mass moment of inertia. Given mass (m) = 17.0000 slug; radius of gyration (k) = 0.5000 ft, determine the mass moment of inertia (I) in slug-ft^2.

Given

  • mass(m)=17.0000slugmass (m) = 17.0000 slug
  • radiusofgyration(k)=0.5000ftradius of gyration (k) = 0.5000 ft

Find

mass moment of inertia (I), in slug-ft^2

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Mass radius of gyration.
  • Everything except I is given, so isolate I symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • The mass radius of gyration relates a rigid body's mass moment of inertia to an equivalent concentrated mass location.
Rotating diskd = 4

Figure 10 — schematic for Mass radius of gyration — solve for mass moment of inertia (case 4) — Mass Radius of Gyration (10)

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange symbolically for I:

    I=mk2I = m k^2
  3. Step 3

    Listthegivens:mass(m)=17.0000slug,radiusofgyration(k)=0.5000ftList the givens: mass (m) = 17.0000 slug, radius of gyration (k) = 0.5000 ft
  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values:

    I=17.00000.50002I = 17.0000 0.5000^2
  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    I = 4.2500\ \text{slug-ft^2}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning I = 4.2500 slug-ft^2 to

    I=mk2I = m k^2

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
I = 4.2500\ \text{slug-ft^2}

Why the other options are there

  • 8.5000 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 2.1250 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 4.6750 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Handbook — Dynamics: Mass Radius of Gyration

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