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Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Dynamics · FE Reference Handbook section

Dynamics
3 formulas
10 exam-style examples
~51 min
All Dynamics lectures

Handbook notes for this section

Definitions and conditions exactly as the handbook states them.

  • In general, Newton's second law for a rigid body, with constant mass and mass moment of inertia, in plane motion may be
  • angular acceleration both about an axis normal to the plane of motion, Ic is the mass moment of inertia about the normal axis
  • through the mass center, and ρpc is a vector from point p to point c.

Core formulas for this FE topic

Definitions, applicability, units, assumptions and worked examples for each relation.

Worked exam-style examples

The four ways this section is written on the real exam — thoughts first, then equations, then substitution.

Example 1
Work–energy theorem — solve for work done — Kinetics of a Rigid Body

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given mass (m) = 2,830 kg; initial speed (v1) = 10.0000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 26.5000 m/s, determine the work done (W) in J.

Given

  • mass(m)=2,830kgmass (m) = 2,830 kg
  • initialspeed(v1)=10.0000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 10.0000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=26.5000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 26.5000 m/s

Find

work done (W), in J

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except W is given, so isolate W symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that W stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: mass (m) = 2,830 kg, initial speed (v1) = 10.0000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 26.5000 m/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    W=852184 JW = 852184\ \text{J}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning W = 852,184 J to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
W=852184 JW = 852184\ \text{J}

Why the other options are there

  • 1,704,368 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 426,092 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 937,402 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 2
Work–energy theorem — solve for mass — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (2)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given initial speed (v1) = 16.0000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 12.0000 m/s; work done (W) = 1,851,485 J, determine the mass (m) in kg.

Given

  • initialspeed(v1)=16.0000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 16.0000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=12.0000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 12.0000 m/s
  • workdone(W)=1,851,485Jwork done (W) = 1,851,485 J

Find

mass (m), in kg

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that m stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial speed (v1) = 16.0000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 12.0000 m/s, work done (W) = 1,851,485 J.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=−33062 kgm = -33062\ \text{kg}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = -33,062 kg to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=−33062 kgm = -33062\ \text{kg}

Why the other options are there

  • -66,124 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • -16,531 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • -36,368 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 3
Work–energy theorem — solve for work done (case 2) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (3)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given mass (m) = 540.0 kg; initial speed (v1) = 8.5000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 7.5000 m/s, determine the work done (W) in J.

Given

  • mass(m)=540.0kgmass (m) = 540.0 kg
  • initialspeed(v1)=8.5000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 8.5000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=7.5000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 7.5000 m/s

Find

work done (W), in J

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except W is given, so isolate W symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that W stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: mass (m) = 540.0 kg, initial speed (v1) = 8.5000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 7.5000 m/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    W=−4320 JW = -4320\ \text{J}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning W = -4,320 J to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
W=−4320 JW = -4320\ \text{J}

Why the other options are there

  • -8,640 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • -2,160 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • -4,752 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 4
Work–energy theorem — solve for mass (case 2) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (4)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given initial speed (v1) = 15.5000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 8.0000 m/s; work done (W) = 1,227,514 J, determine the mass (m) in kg.

Given

  • initialspeed(v1)=15.5000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 15.5000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=8.0000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 8.0000 m/s
  • workdone(W)=1,227,514Jwork done (W) = 1,227,514 J

Find

mass (m), in kg

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that m stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial speed (v1) = 15.5000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 8.0000 m/s, work done (W) = 1,227,514 J.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=−13929 kgm = -13929\ \text{kg}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = -13,929 kg to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=−13929 kgm = -13929\ \text{kg}

Why the other options are there

  • -27,858 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • -6,965 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • -15,322 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 5
Work–energy theorem — solve for work done (case 3) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (5)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given mass (m) = 920.0 kg; initial speed (v1) = 9.5000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 32.5000 m/s, determine the work done (W) in J.

Given

  • mass(m)=920.0kgmass (m) = 920.0 kg
  • initialspeed(v1)=9.5000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 9.5000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=32.5000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 32.5000 m/s

Find

work done (W), in J

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except W is given, so isolate W symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that W stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: mass (m) = 920.0 kg, initial speed (v1) = 9.5000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 32.5000 m/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    W=444360 JW = 444360\ \text{J}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning W = 444,360 J to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
W=444360 JW = 444360\ \text{J}

Why the other options are there

  • 888,720 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 222,180 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 488,796 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 6
Work–energy theorem — solve for mass (case 3) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (6)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given initial speed (v1) = 6.0000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 7.5000 m/s; work done (W) = 1,449,522 J, determine the mass (m) in kg.

Given

  • initialspeed(v1)=6.0000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 6.0000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=7.5000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 7.5000 m/s
  • workdone(W)=1,449,522Jwork done (W) = 1,449,522 J

Find

mass (m), in kg

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that m stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial speed (v1) = 6.0000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 7.5000 m/s, work done (W) = 1,449,522 J.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=143163 kgm = 143163\ \text{kg}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = 143,163 kg to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=143163 kgm = 143163\ \text{kg}

Why the other options are there

  • 286,325 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 71,581 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 157,479 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 7
Work–energy theorem — solve for work done (case 4) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (7)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given mass (m) = 1,880 kg; initial speed (v1) = 3.5000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 34.0000 m/s, determine the work done (W) in J.

Given

  • mass(m)=1,880kgmass (m) = 1,880 kg
  • initialspeed(v1)=3.5000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 3.5000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=34.0000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 34.0000 m/s

Find

work done (W), in J

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except W is given, so isolate W symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that W stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: mass (m) = 1,880 kg, initial speed (v1) = 3.5000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 34.0000 m/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    W=1075125 JW = 1075125\ \text{J}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning W = 1,075,125 J to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
W=1075125 JW = 1075125\ \text{J}

Why the other options are there

  • 2,150,250 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 537,563 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 1,182,638 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 8
Work–energy theorem — solve for mass (case 4) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (8)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given initial speed (v1) = 16.0000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 31.5000 m/s; work done (W) = 957,141 J, determine the mass (m) in kg.

Given

  • initialspeed(v1)=16.0000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 16.0000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=31.5000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 31.5000 m/s
  • workdone(W)=957,141Jwork done (W) = 957,141 J

Find

mass (m), in kg

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that m stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial speed (v1) = 16.0000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 31.5000 m/s, work done (W) = 957,141 J.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=2600 kgm = 2600\ \text{kg}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = 2,600 kg to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=2600 kgm = 2600\ \text{kg}

Why the other options are there

  • 5,200 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 1,300 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 2,860 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 9
Work–energy theorem — solve for work done (case 5) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (9)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given mass (m) = 1,200 kg; initial speed (v1) = 3.0000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 13.5000 m/s, determine the work done (W) in J.

Given

  • mass(m)=1,200kgmass (m) = 1,200 kg
  • initialspeed(v1)=3.0000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 3.0000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=13.5000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 13.5000 m/s

Find

work done (W), in J

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except W is given, so isolate W symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that W stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: mass (m) = 1,200 kg, initial speed (v1) = 3.0000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 13.5000 m/s.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    W=103950 JW = 103950\ \text{J}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning W = 103,950 J to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
W=103950 JW = 103950\ \text{J}

Why the other options are there

  • 207,900 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 51,975 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 114,345 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

Example 10
Work–energy theorem — solve for mass (case 5) — Kinetics of a Rigid Body (10)

A dynamics problem uses Work–energy theorem. Given initial speed (v1) = 6.0000 m/s; final speed (v2) = 23.0000 m/s; work done (W) = 1,880,645 J, determine the mass (m) in kg.

Given

  • initialspeed(v1)=6.0000m/sinitial speed (v_{1}) = 6.0000 m/s
  • finalspeed(v2)=23.0000m/sfinal speed (v_{2}) = 23.0000 m/s
  • workdone(W)=1,880,645Jwork done (W) = 1,880,645 J

Find

mass (m), in kg

Start with the thinking

  • The governing relation printed in this handbook section is Work–energy theorem.
  • Everything except m is given, so isolate m symbolically first — never rearrange after the numbers are in.
  • Tabulate each given with its unit and confirm the units are consistent with the relation before substituting.
  • Dynamics items reward recognising the unknown before touching a calculator.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1 — State the governing relation:

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)
  2. Step 2 — Rearrange the relation so that m stands alone on the left-hand side.

  3. Step 3 — List the givens: initial speed (v1) = 6.0000 m/s, final speed (v2) = 23.0000 m/s, work done (W) = 1,880,645 J.

  4. Step 4 — Substitute the given values into the rearranged relation.

  5. Step 5 — Evaluate:

    m=7629 kgm = 7629\ \text{kg}
  6. Step 6 — Check: returning m = 7,629 kg to

    W=12m(v22−v12)W = \tfrac12 m (v_2^2 - v_1^2)

    reproduces the given quantities, and both sides carry the same units.

Answer:
m=7629 kgm = 7629\ \text{kg}

Why the other options are there

  • 15,259 — kept a factor of two that cancels in the correct rearrangement.
  • 3,815 — dropped that same factor in the other direction.
  • 8,392 — rounded an intermediate value before the final step.

Reference: FE Reference Handbook — Dynamics → Kinetics of a Rigid Body

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